A series of granite inscriptions dating to the 11th century CE has been found in the Malabar region of Kerala, detailing the trade agreements between local rulers and Arab merchant guilds. The texts specify taxes, weights, and measures for black pepper, cardamom, and cinnamon. These records provide a rare glimpse into the economic administration of the medieval spice trade.
The inscriptions also mention the Anjuvannam and Manigramam, powerful merchant corporations that facilitated international commerce. According to historians, these documents prove that Kerala was a highly organized global trading hub with legal frameworks protecting foreign traders. The stones are currently being moved to the state museum for preservation and further study.