A groundbreaking paleogenomic study published this month has revealed how ancient humans first adapted to the extreme altitudes of the Andes. By sequencing the DNA of 12 individuals buried in the Lake Titicaca basin approximately 5,000 years ago, researchers identified a unique genetic signature that optimized oxygen transport and cardiovascular efficiency at elevations above 4,000 meters. This adaptation is distinct from those found in Tibetan or Ethiopian highlanders, representing a remarkable example of convergent evolution.
The research team from the Altiplano Paleogenetics Quarterly found that these early settlers had already developed a thickened right ventricle and a specific mutation in the EPAS1-related pathway that prevented the blood-thickening usually caused by chronic hypoxia. This allowed for the development of stable, high-altitude civilizations that could thrive in environments where most humans would suffer from altitude sickness.
Furthermore, the study suggests that this genetic trait became dominant within just 500 years of the initial settlement of the region, indicating intense selective pressure.
- The study includes the oldest high-coverage genomes from the Andean highlands.
- Genetic links suggest the population remained largely isolated for millennia.
- The findings provide new insights into the pre-history of the Inca and their predecessors.