New excavations in the ancient city of Mathura, India, have revealed a massive industrial complex containing vermilion-stained terracotta vats. Chemical analysis of the residues confirms the presence of mercuric sulfide and organic plant binders, dating back to the Mauryan period. This site represents the earliest known physical evidence of mass-produced pigments used for vernal fertility festivals, which are the historical ancestors of the modern Holi festival.
The sheer scale of the vats suggests that the production was intended for thousands of participants, indicating that the ancient precursors to the Festival of Colors were significant urban events supported by local rulers. The discovery reshapes our understanding of the logistics behind ancient Indian communal celebrations and their enduring cultural legacy.