In a joint research effort, a rare 9th-century manuscript has been identified in a previously uncatalogued section of the Potala Palace library. Titled 'Samsaya-Pramana' (The Measurement of Doubt), the text is an Indian treatise on the logic of skepticism. It explores how doubt functions not as an obstacle to knowledge, but as a necessary epistemic tool for verifying truth in the Sanatan tradition.
The manuscript appears to have been carried from Nalanda University during the medieval period to protect it from destruction. Its recovery provides a new perspective on how ancient Indian philosophers engaged with empirical uncertainty, pre-dating similar European concepts by several centuries.